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The n-bit fixed-point representation of an unsigned real number $X$ uses $f$ bits for the fraction part. Let $i = n-f$. The range of decimal values for $X$ in this representation is

1. $2^{-f}$ to $2^{i}$
2. $2^{-f}$ to $\left ( 2^{i} - 2^{-f} \right )$
3. 0 to $2^{i}$
4. 0 to $\left ( 2^{i} - 2^{-f} \right )$

edited | 6k views
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to know more about the fixed representation refer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(number_format)

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Min val = 0.

Max val = $2^{i}-1$+$\frac{2^{f}-1}{2^{f}}$ = $2^{i}$  $-$ $2^{-f}$.
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Important keyword in the question is the number representation is fixed point, unlike the mindset a student may have of floating point.

i ---> represent integer part of a number

f --> represent fractional part

Say X = 21.75

i is 21 and f is 75

since unsigned number range will start from 0 (zero)

to (2^i -1)+ (1- (2^-f))

Unsigned real number $x.$

Let $n=5, f=2, i = 5-2 = 3.$

1. Minimum value of $x:$

Value on decimal $= 0.$

2. Maximum value of $x:$

Value on decimal $= 2^3 - 2^{-2} = 8 - 0.25 = 7.75$ $($Or $2^2+2^1+2^0 + 2^{-1}+2^{-2} = 7.75)$

by Loyal (6.8k points)
edited by
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good :)

but how do u confirm it is a unsigned real no?
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good job!!!..the question after reading .. i thought i know nothing... then after reading all other explanation made me felt .. OHH MY goshh... was this even in  our syllabus too?...

thenn........,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, after going through ur explaination .. i was like ,.. wow. how simple was that..

thanks a lot..^_^.
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Really nice explanation. Thnak you
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@srestha mam it is clear from given options

hope this helps!!!!

by Boss (42.5k points)
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This is better and more generalized explanation... We cant depend in gate by testing inputs in option.. this is why this is better than tagged answer

A number format representation, where the numbers are unsigned and where we have integer bits $i$ (on the LHS of the decimal point) and $f$ fractional bits (on the RHS of the decimal point) is known as $U(i,f)$ fixed-point format .

Hence, for unsigned number $U(i,f)$, the total bit length is $N = i + f$ .

Ex :-

• $U(8,8)$ can be written as $00000011.10000010$ .
• $U(6,2)$ can be written as $000100.10$ .

Now, using the unsigned number range of $N$ - bit word, the range $R$ of unsigned fixed point number can be written as $\frac{0\leq R\leq 2^{N}-1}{2^f}$ OR, $0\leq R\leq 2^{i}- 2^{-f}$ .

Similarly, A number format representation, where the numbers are signed and where we have integer bits $i$ (on the LHS of the decimal point) and $f$ fractional bits (on the RHS of the decimal point) is known as $U(i,f)$ fixed-point format .

Hence, here we have $1$ sign bit, $i$ integer bits and $f$ fractional bits, so total length of $N$- bit word = $1+i+f$ .

Ex :-

• $A(7,8)$ can be written as $1 0000001.00000000$ = $-127$ , etc.

Now, using the signed number range ( 2's complement ) of $N$ - bit word, the range $R$ of signed fixed point number can be written as $\frac{-2^{N-1} \leq R \leq +(2^{N-1}-1)}{2^f}$ OR $-2^{i}\leq R\leq 2^{i}-2^{-f}$ .

by Veteran (50.9k points)
edited by
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cannot understand how U(-1,16) is 15?

how -1 bit possible?
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@Srestha

The number will have $16$ bits and range being $0$ to $2^{-1} - 2^{-17}$ and then take any $16$ bit number from the given range. Finally divide by $2^{17}$ .
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@Kapil

According to ur assumption , U(i,f) where i is number of bits in integer part.

So, can number of bits i=-1?

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@Srestha

Nothing is there on the LHS . As range is from $0$ to $0.49991234$ something .

Also, this negative notation is only used when we deal with numbers from 0 to 0.something .

now of any number lower bound is 0

we are left with 2 options

c says 2 but with i bit we can represent number upto 2i-1

so it will be 2i-2-f

so D is correct answer here

by Boss (18k points)
edited by

Here we know that for any decimal number fixed point lowest bound is 0 alwyas .now we are left with option c and D

now for option c it is wrong. why?

question says:

the range of DECIMAL number

for n bit number we can represent decimal number upto 2n-1... but here it is 2n which can not be

so we can represent upto2i-2-f

so D is correct answer here

by Boss (18k points)
edited
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DOUBTS :
Question doesnt mention the number being decimal its fixed point representation of unsigned real number !!
real number can be negative but as its unsigned we need to rule out negative

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question does mention the range of decimal

Explanation: Since given number is in unsigned bit representation, its decimal value starts with 0.
We have i bit in integral part so maximum value will be 2i
Thus integral value will be from 0 to 2i – 1
We know fraction part of binary representation are calculated as (1/0)*2-f
Thus with f bit maximum number possible = sum of GP series with a = 1/2 and r = 1/2

Thus fmax = {1/2(1 – (1/2)
f}/(1 – 1/2) = 1 – 2-f Thus maximum fractional value possible = 2i – 1 + (1 – 2-f ) = 2i - 2-f

http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/gate-gate-cs-2017-set-1-question-32/

by (169 points)

In the fixed point representation, decimal value is fixed somewhere. In this question it is fixed after
i bits of MSB. So the min number that can be represented in this representation i=0000....,
f=00000... so min=0. and the max. number that can be represented i=111111...., f=111111....

by Active (4.3k points)
edited

Unsigned real number X. Lowest number representable should be 0, nothing stops it from being 0, and restrict it to 0.00043 or something. Hence, A and B eliminated.

Max number representable $2^{i}$ just looks wrong. What about the bits in f, they'd add up, too. So, C eliminated.

Option D seems reasonable.

Solved it under 30 seconds.

A proper solution would be to take small values of n, i and f; first put all 0's (for lower limit) then put all 1's (for upper limit). Then do option elimination.

Option D

by Loyal (6.8k points)