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I have a problem in such type of Questions :- https://gateoverflow.in/25046/tifr2012-b-1

In above question its asked to find number of linear function. Now in the answer they simply calculated the total number of functions and they said that everyone will follow this property. How did they said that ?

I mean ok we know x and y we could calculate there XOR but we don't know about Function they didn't gave the mapping function as well. The how did they said that F(X xor Y) = F(X) xor F(Y) ?

1 Answer

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Take an example 

Suppose the function f is from {0,1}3  to {0,1}

Now, here we have to find the number of functions possible from {0,1}3 to {0,1} such that

f (x XOR y) = f(x) XOR f(y)

Now, observe that if we maintain the linearity of XOR then the values f(000),f(101),f(110),f(011) and f(111) are dependent on the values f(100) , f(010) and f(001) (Reason given below)

So, if we fix the values of f(100),f(010) and f(001) then we will get the whole function..

Now, f(100),f(010) and f(001) have 2 options each 0 or 1.

So, the number functions possible is 23 = 8.

Now, come how the values f(000),f(101),f(110),f(011) and f(111) are dependent on the values f(100) , f(010) and f(001)

Let f(100) = 0 , f(010) = 0 , f(001) = 0

Now, f(000) = f(100 XOR 100) = f(100) XOR f(100) = 0 XOR 0 = 0

         f(101) = f(100 XOR 001) = f(100) XOR f(001) = 0 XOR 0 = 0

         f(110) = f(100 XOR 010) = f(100) XOR f(010) = 0 XOR 0 = 0

         f(011) = f(010 XOR 001) = f(010) XOR f(001) = 0 XOR 0 = 0

         f(111) = f(100 XOR 011) = f(100) XOR f(011) = f(100) XOR f(010) XOR f(001) = 0 

So, we have seen how the values f(000),f(101),f(110),f(011) and f(111) are dependent on the values f(100) , f(010) and f(001)

Now, generalise the problem suppose the function is from {0,1}n to {0,1} 

In this case if we fix the values of f(100...0),f(010...0),f(001...0),.....,f(000...1) then we will get the whole function since rest of the values are dependent on the above n values.

Now, each of the n values f(100...0) , f(010...0) , f(001...0),.....,f(000...1) has 2 options each 0 or 1.

So, the number of functions possible is 2n. (Answer)

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