Basic Point :-
MOD-n counter means the output wave form frequency = $\frac{F_{CLK}}{n}$
cascaded means output of previous circuit is input to next circuit.
therefore MOD-2 ripple counter is cascaded with a MOD-8 synchronous counter means
the output of MOD-2 counter, give as input clock of the MOD-8 counter
===> output wave form frequency = $\frac{\LARGE F_{input\; CLK\; of\; MOD-8 }}{8}$ --(1)
input clock of MOD-8 counter = output of MOD-2 counter = $\frac{F_{CLK}}{2}$ ----- substitute in (1)
===> output wave form frequency = $\frac{F_{CLK}}{2*8}$ = $\frac{F_{CLK}}{16}$ ===> MOD-16 counter