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Avalanche effect in cryptography refers

  1. Large changes in cipher text when the keyword is changed minimally
  2. Large changes in cipher text when the plain text is changed
  3. Large Impact of keyword change to length of the cipher text
  4. None of the above
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$\underline{\textbf{Answer:}\Rightarrow}\;\;\mathbf{a.}$

$\underline{\text{Avalanche effect}\Rightarrow}$

The Avalanche effect is the desirable property in cryptographic algorithms, as it prevents easy prediction. If an input is changed moderately (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_effect

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Avalanche effect is a desirable property of block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions.

It states that if input changes even slightly the change in the output will be significant

 

So answer is a)
Answer:

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