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Consider the resolution of the domain name $\textsf{www.gate.org.in}$ by a $\text{DNS}$ resolver. Assume that no resource records are cached anywhere across the $\text{DNS}$ servers and that iterative query mechanism is used in the resolution. The number of $\text{DNS}$ query-response pairs involved in completely resolving the domain name is ________________.
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Number of query-response pairs = 4.

The name of the url is www.gate.org.in and not www.gate.in.

If it was www.gate.in , then there would have been 3 pairs because of 3 levels, namely, root DNS server, TLD server for .in and Authoritative server.

But given URL is www.gate.org.in and so there will be 4 pairs because of 4 levels, namely, root DNS server, TLD server for .in, TLD server for .org and the authoritative server.

It should be noted that the iterative query can have more than 3 levels and it is not necessary that whatever be the URL, number of levels have to be exactly 3. It can be more than that.

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Answer 4.

In iterative query mechanism (left diagram), there are total 4 pairs of queries used

3 iterative quires + 1 recursive query

 

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First the Diagram how the request response is occured.The Value of the IP address in each Root,Top level ,Authoritative server are taken randomly so that people have easy understanding .

 

  1. First the host ask the Local DNS server what is the IP address of www.gate.org.in .Now there is a question how the host know the IP address of the local DNS server? The answer is It know when it boot it gather some basic information about it’s IP address, Default Router IP address,Local DNS server IP address by DHCP.                                                                                                         

     

  2. Now Local DNS server has the IP address of the Root DNS server so it ask the Root DNS server What is the IP address of the www.gate.org.in .                                                                                   
                                                                                       
  3. Now Root DNS server don’t know that it only have top level DNS server IP address. So in our Host name www.gate.org.in , the top level server is .in server. So Root level server say I don’t know the address of www.gate.org.in but why don’t you ask .in server .So It provide .in server address.                                                                                                                                               
                    
  4. Now local DNS server ask the same question to .in server what is the IP address of www.gate.org.in .                                                                                                                                 

     

  5. Now .in server check and reply I don’t have the IP address of the www.gate.org.in but why I have the IP of their Authoritative server . Say a.ns.gate.org.in is their authoritative server and 69.171.239.12 is their IP address.                                                                                                       

     

  6. Local DNS server ask the Gate authoritative server the same question what is the IP address of www.gate.org.in .                                                                                                                                 

     

  7. So Gate authoritative server checks the request and replied with appropriate IP address as reply to the local server.                                                                                                                                

     

  8. Local DNS server replied it to Host as it asked and Host give it to concern transport layer protocol.

So, there are 4 pairs of request reply responses involved .

Answer:

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