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Exercises 46–49 establish rules for null quantification that
we can use when a quantified variable does not appear in part
of a statement.
46. Establish these logical equivalences, where x does not
occur as a free variable in A. Assume that the domain is
nonempty.
a) (∀xP (x)) ∨ A ≡ ∀x(P (x) ∨ A)
b) (∃xP (x)) ∨ A ≡ ∃x(P (x) ∨ A)

my doubt is wha is exactly “A” in in this logical expressions

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