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A network has $125$ stations attached by a dedicated pair of lines to a hub in a star topology. The distance from each station to the hub is $25$ meters, the speed of the transmission lines is $10$ Mbps, all frames are of length $12500$ bytes, and the signal propagates on the line at a speed of $2.5 \times 10^8$ meters/second. Assume that token-ring protocol is used for medium access control. Assume single-frame operation, eight-bit latency at each station, and a free token is of three bytes long.

  1. Find the effective frame transmission time.
  2. Assume that each station can transmit up to a maximum of $k = 2$ frames/token. Find the maximum throughput of the network.
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