1.5k views

An array contains four occurrences of $0$, five occurrences of $1$, and three occurrences of $2$ in any order. The array is to be sorted using swap operations (elements that are swapped need to be adjacent).

1.  What is the minimum number of swaps needed to sort such an array in the worst case?
2.  Give an ordering of  elements in the above array so that the minimum number of swaps needed to sort the array is maximum.
edited | 1.5k views

Since swaps are needed to be of adjacent elements only, the algorithm is actually Bubble sort.

In bubble sort, all smaller elements to right of an element are required to be swapped. So, if have ordering

$[2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0]$, then we need total $47$ swaps, and this will be the worst case.

So, it answers actually both parts.
answered by Boss (11.3k points)
edited
+21

we have to apply "Bubble sort" because as per question element that is swapped need to be adjacent.

array [ 2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0]   total 12 elements, as we know that bubble is stable in nature so repeated element order will not change.

pass 1> swap (9) ,pass 2 >sawp (9) ,pass 3>sawp (9)

pass 4> swap(4),pass 5>swap(4),pass 6>swap(4),pass 7>swap(4),pass 8>swap(4)

pass 9> sawp(0),pass10>swap(0),pass 11>swap(0)

total swap = 47

+2

yes @ Prateek

Thanks :)

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It can also be done with insertion sort.

pass 1 - swap(3), pass2- swap(3),pass3-swap(3), pass4-swap(3),pass5-swap(3), pass6-swap(8) ,pass7-swap(8), pass9-swap(8) ,pass10-swap(8)
+1
insertion sort doesn't always give *adjacent swaps*

@srestha
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@ Prateek kumar

I could not understand how u have counted number of swaps.. Can u please explain in more detail
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insertion sort also gives adjacent swaps???
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The total no. of inversions present in the array = 47 , so can we say that no. of inversions = total no. of swaps required in case of bubble sort? I know for insertion sort its true.

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insertion sort also has adjacent swaps always????

if not then please explain???
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According to me adjacent swap means to put an element to its correct position you always have to swap that element with its adjacent element. In bubble sort in every iteration there is one element which gets sorted and to sort it in its correct position we swap it with it's adjacent element. Where in insertion sort we don't actually swap that element with everyone ,but we swap all greater elements to the right side and then we put original element on its right place.
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if in the question they ask for no. of the pass then answer will be 9 or 11?

The number of swaps an algorithm performs is equal to the number of inversions present in the input array.

The question is somewhat directly taken from the exercise of coremen

I'll solve this later first question :P

(a) Minimum number of swaps in worst case

This would occur when all the elements in the array would be present in descending order.

So, Number of inversions for 2=(9*3)=27

Number of inversions for 1 = (4*5)=20

0 would have no inversions.

So, total inversions=47

 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

(b) The above configuration of the array will give the maximum number of swaps to sort the array.

Now coming to coremen exercise

We know insertion sort works by placing the unsorted element in it's correct position within sorted elements.

The running time of insertion sort depends on the number of inversions present in the array.

Assuming array has n distinct elements.

Case A : Array is sorted in ascending order

In this case, number of Inversions would be 0, so 0 swaps, however, a total of n-1 comparisons will still be made.

So, best case complexity comes out to be O(n).

Case B: Array is sorted in descending order

Total inversions come out to be

(n-1)+(n-2)+(n-3)+.......1 = $\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$  =  O(n2).

This will be exactly equal to the number of swaps and comparisons insertion sort will perform in this case.

So, worst case complexity comes out to be O(n2).

answered by Boss (16k points)
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u mean swap and inversion same thing?

But those two are not exacly same
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No they both are not same. But a swap will happen only if there is an inversion pair in case of Insertion sort
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"The number of  adjacent swaps an algorithm performs to sort an input in a non-decreasing order is equal to the number of inversions present in the input array."

This should be a more precise statement in my opinion.

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@Nirmal Gaur-It's an idea of Insertion sort and it always sorts adjacent elements only.
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The number of swaps an algorithm performs is equal to the number of inversions present in the input array.

The way it's written, it seems like a generalized statement so i was clearifing for those may find it little bit confusing.

–1 vote
Ans - 7 swaps
answered by Active (4.8k points)
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someone has used bubble sort to give answer as 47 swaps. Is it correct? and if yes how?
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To be honest for this question particularly we have to use Quick sort three way partitioning algorithm.which i haven't learned. I used program to find the number of swaps.But if you want learn this  three-way partitioning. the best source i found is sir Robert Sedgewick course.
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make sure you follow : "The array needs to be sorted using swap operations, elements which are swapped needs to be adjacent only".

Quick sort = adjacent elements sort only?

It is CSE GATE 2000 Question Number 17
check it out.

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+1 vote