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A half adder is implemented with XOR and AND gates. A full adder is implemented with  two half adders and one OR gate. The propagation delay of an XOR gate is twice that of an AND/OR gate. The propagation delay of an AND/OR gate is 1.2 microseconds. A 4-bit-ripple-carry binary adder is implemented by using four full adders. The total propagation time of this 4-bit binary adder in microseconds is ______.

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y not ans 33.6 *10^3 microsecond??????????????

The first carry and sum will be available after 4.8 us   & how???????????

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33.6??
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here mention xor is twice of and/or so and/or is 1.2ms so xor is 2.4 ms & 1 hald adder is 1xor+1and so= 3.6

& a full adder is implemented wt 2 half adder +1 or gate = 2*3.6+1.2= 8.4

+7

okay :) If everything is done one after the other or in a serial way. But, operations can be done in parallel- you can see the figure given below. As long as input to a gate is not dependent on the output from another gate, those two can be operated in parallel.

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Should not this be like since in the question we are given that a full adder is here implemented as 2 Half adders and an OR gate..

And we know that if we follow this constraint of circuitry then we use cascading half adders and then an OR gate..So delay should be added for each of the half adders and one OR gate for every full adder implementation.

So delay of a full adder should be : 2.4 * 2[For 2 half adders] + 1.2 [for OR gate]

=      6 ms

So delay of 4 bit ripple carry adder = 4 * 6 ms

=  24 ms

@Arjun Sir , please check this approach..
+32

@Habibkhan see its not 6ms

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Thank u..Got it..
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what will be the difference if i use ripple carry adder over Carry look ahead adder here?? what will be the chenge in aswer??
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@ S Ram,

The question itself says,

I think it should be clear now.
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+1

so 19.2 is the right answer.
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@Lokesh .

$S1$ should wait for $C1$ to be ready. Delay for generating $C$ is $1$ EXOR $+ 1$ AND $+ 1$ OR $= 2.4 + 1.2 + 1.2 = 4.8$ $μs$

Delay for sum is XOR + XOR $= 2.4 + 2.4 = 4.8 μs$

But for the second adder, there the first EXOR can be done even before waiting for the previous output. So, we can get the sum in Another $2.4 μs$ and carry in another $2.4 μs$. In this way, $4$-$bit$ sum can be obtained after

$4.8 μs + 3 * 2.4 μs = 12 μs.$

But the question says we use ripple-carry adder. So, each adder must wait for the full output from the previous adder. This would make the total delay $= 4 * 4.8 = 19.2 μs$ and this is the key given by GATE, so obviously they meant this.

by Veteran (431k points)
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@Arjun sir,

if they ask for how much time is going to take for generating sum then writing direct 4*4.8 doesn't make good sense it should be written like [3*4.8(carry)+4.8(sum by last FA)]. which leads to definately 19.2.

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@Arjun Sir,
The answer considered for evaluation is $12$ but as explained above it's $19.2$ please update.

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What update you want? Official GATE key was 19.2
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@Arjun Sir but the answer key mentioned here is 12.

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oh. Not sure who changed it. I have corrected now. Anyway will get a better explanation for this.
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@Arjun sir

@Bikram sir

I don't know why one should go with 19.2 as answer... It's clear that the answer must be 12... What to choose when the same type of question comes in gate ?

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@Devendra Thakur

This would make the total delay =4∗4.8=19.2μs and this is the key given by GATE,

so obviously they meant this.....
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Thanks sir for clarification...
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@Arjun Sir

The best way to analyse this answer is by drawing a detailed representation of the "gates."

Earlier the answer given by gate authority is 19.2 but later on after evaluation they changed it to 12.

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Thanks.

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@Veenit

Just check out my answer below. You will understand it very well as I have drawn it very neat and clean.

In the mean time I will provide you the updated key.

This is the wrong answer and I wonder how it can be the best answer considering the excellent quality of all other questions on the gateoverflow.

I am just waiting for the Arjun Sir to take a note of this question or to have a conversation.

Hopefully this will get correct soon.

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@Veenit

Just check out my answer below. You will understand it very well as I have drawn it very neat and clean.

In the mean time I will provide you the updated key.

This is the wrong answer and I wonder how it can be the best answer considering the excellent quality of all other questions on the gateoverflow.

I am just waiting for the Arjun Sir to take a note of this question or to have a conversation.

Hopefully this will be corrected soon.

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Yes. I too, am unconvinced by the 19.2 micro seconds answer.
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@Arjun Sir,

What if we can get the Carry before SUM? Can we use this Carry for next Adder?

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@Arjun sir which method should we go for if it is asked in exam? Isn't the formula for ripple carry adder total propagation time

(n-1)xTc + Ts ? So according to that we get 19.2 micro seconds. But according to the diagram it is clear that 12 micro seconds should be the answer. I am really confused.

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This doesn't work all the time.

You need to have the proper analysis of such a question.

Nevertheless asking such questions is very rare.
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okay,thanks!
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Another fastest way for answering this question is to find Tsum and Tcarry.Once u find them just apply this formula

Total Time Required =(n-1)Tcarry+maximum(Tsum,Tcarry).

Here, in one FA sum delay =XOR+XOR = 2.4+2 4 =4.8

Carry delay=XOR+OR+AND= 2.4+1.2+1.2=4.8

So apply formula,n=4(given in question)

(4-1)(4.8)+maximum(4.8,4.8)

=3×4.8+4.8

=14.4+4.8

=19.2microseconds.
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@Chelsi

Correct answer is $\mathbf{12}$

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@Ayush Upadhyaya, @Arjun sir I think there is no problem in applying the concept of parallelism and answer can be 12. Please tell me weather I am correct or wrong

Source:-

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Ans is 12 ns

It took me a while but here's how it is :

The first carry and sum will be available after 4.8 ns. This should be straight forward.

However, for the subsequent stages, you need to keep in mind that the output of half adders is already there at 2.4 ns. So in a sense, it is already computed. The remaining half adder for each full adder is just waiting for the previous carry, which when available from the previous stage can be processed in 2.4 ns. So each next stage will take only 2.4 ns each.

The catch here is that half of the output in each next stage is already computed, only half needs to be processed.
by Boss (13.6k points)
reshown
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I see what you did there :p
Oh and btw, your very first solution is the correct one, It's according to Gate's official answer key...

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"The remaining half adder for each full adder is just waiting for the previous carry, which when available from the previous stage can be processed in 2.4 ns. So each next stage will take only 2.4 ns each."

yes..but the previous carry will be available after another 2.4ns and then second XOR will happen which will take another 2.4ns. In total it will take 4.8ns

Seeing the circuit in this way is easy way to get to the answer.

by (299 points)

Diagram shows flow of input to output along with delay at each level ; for understanding

by Active (1.2k points)

This should be the right procedure to get the right answer for this question.

Simply putting the formula here won't work.

Therefore, the answer comes out to be 12 microseconds.

by Boss (19.1k points)
edited by
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Finally is this the right answer?
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Yes! This is the perfectly right answer.
+1 vote

b) 19.2

C(i+1)=(A XOR B).C(i)+A.B

Hence Totla delay of one carry bit is

1 XOR gate + 2 AND gate + 1 OR gate

2.4 +1.2+1.2 =4.8 microsec.

1) total delay from c1 to c4 will be 4.8 x 4 =19.2 microsecond;

2) total delay from c1 to c3 + sum of A4 and B4 will be 4.8 x 3+ (2.4+2.4) =19.2 microsecond

hence for MAX DELAY =MAX( 19.2,192 )

MAX DELAY is 19.2 microsecond.

by Active (2k points)
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Even I got the same but the answer is 12 microsecond
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here, how you put the value of  2 AND gate  = 1.2ms ?

b'coz each having 1.2  for AND/OR gate
+1 vote

Kindly have a look on the Formula to compute the delay

by Active (4.3k points)
edited
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