2.6k views

Consider the C program shown below:

#include<stdio.h>
#define print(x) printf("%d", x)

int x;
void Q(int z)
{
z+=x;
print(z);
}

void P(int *y)
{
int x = *y + 2;
Q(x);
*y = x - 1;
print(x);
}
main(void) {
x = 5;
P(&x);
print(x);
}

The output of this program is:

1. $12 \ 7 \ 6$
2. $22 \ 12 \ 11$
3. $14 \ 6 \ 6$
4. $7 \ 6 \ 6$
edited | 2.6k views

main: x = 5; //Global x becomes 5
P: int x = *y + 2; //local x in P becomes 5+2 = 7
Q: z+=x; //local z in Q becomes 7 + 5 = 12
Q: print(z); //prints 12
P:  *y  = x - 1;
//content of address of local variable y
(same as global variable x) becomes 7 - 1 = 6
P: print(x); //prints local variable x in P = 7
main: print(x); //prints the global variable x = 6
answered by Veteran (358k points)
edited by
+3
@Arjun sir how do we know dyanamic scoping here is not used here in that case answer will differ and it will be C
+8
C program has only static scoping.
+2
Here y is pointing to value at main() function or global variable too. So only change in y is reflected in main().
0
Here actual ans should be 12,6,6

Why not local x change with value of *y change?

Any reference?
+2
@srestha

Local X inside P only has scope till there, and you are printing that which has value $7$.

And, the Y inside P() is related to global X not local X .
0
oh thanks @Kapil
0
@Arjun sir Why the contents of local variable y becomes same as global variable x in last print .
The answer for this is A).. Can get the answer by a simple dry run..
answered by Junior (551 points)
0
@Arjun sir it means initializing the global varibles inside the main function or initializing it globally out of all functions both are same?
0
How can we initialize a global variable inside main? :O
0
As in the above program int x is initialized inside the main which is acting as the gloabl value of x?
+10
Nopes. Initialization means assigning initial value when memory is created. That happens before main starts execution. In C, if a value is not given, all global/static variables are initialized to 0. So, in the given question x is initialized to 0 and in main the value gets changed to 5.
0
thank you @Arjun sir you made me clear now. :)
void P(int *y)
{
int x = *y + 2; // x=5+2=7
Q(x); // Q(7)
void Q(int z) // z=7
{
z+=x; // z=z+x=7+5=12 as here x is global and its value is 5 define in main() section print(z); // 12 is printed
}
*y = x - 1; // 7-1=6
print(x);  // here value of x is 7 as it is local so 7 is printed
}
print(x); // here value of y is printed i.e 6 as it represents the final value of global x

so output is 12 7 6

answered by Loyal (7.4k points)
+1 vote

Output is 12 7 6

answered by Junior (501 points)