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Concept of layering.OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Stacks; Basics of packet, circuit and virtual circuit-switching; Data link layer: framing, error detection, Medium Access Control, Ethernet bridging; Routing protocols: shortest path, flooding, distance vector and link state routing; Fragmentation and IP addressing, IPv4, CIDR notation, Basics of IP support protocols (ARP, DHCP, ICMP), Network Address Translation (NAT); Transport layer: flow control and congestion control, UDP, TCP, sockets; Application layer protocols: DNS, SMTP, HTTP, FTP, Email.

.$$\scriptsize{\overset{{\large{\textbf{Mark Distribution in Previous GATE}}}}{\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline
\textbf{Year}& \textbf{2022} & \textbf{2021-1}&\textbf{2021-2}&\textbf{2020}&\textbf{2019}&\textbf{2018}&\textbf{2017-1}&\textbf{2017-2}&\textbf{2016-1}&\textbf{2016-2}&\textbf{Minimum}&\textbf{Average}&\textbf{Maximum}
\\\hline\textbf{1 Mark Count} & 2 &1&1&2&1&3&2&3&2&3&1&2&3
\\\hline\textbf{2 Marks Count} & 4 &4&3&2&4&2&3&1&4&3&1&3&4
\\\hline\textbf{Total Marks} & 10 &9&7&6&9&7&8&5&10&9&\bf{5}&\bf{8}&\bf{10}\\\hline
\end{array}}}$$

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4053
Peterson Davie 2.31b
Draw a timeline diagram for the sliding window algorithm with $SWS = RWS = 3$ frames, for the following two situations. Use a timeout interval of about $2 \times RTT$ (b) Frames $4$ to $6$ are lost.
Draw a timeline diagram for the sliding window algorithm with $SWS = RWS = 3$ frames, for the following two situations. Use a timeout interval of about $2 \times RTT$(b) ...
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4054
Peterson Davie 2.31a
Draw a timeline diagram for the sliding window algorithm with $SWS = RWS = 3$ frames, for the following two situations. Use a timeout interval of about $2 \times RTT$. (a) Frame $4$ is lost.
Draw a timeline diagram for the sliding window algorithm with $SWS = RWS = 3$ frames, for the following two situations. Use a timeout interval of about $2 \times RTT$.(a)...
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4064
Peterson Davie 2.24
Suppose you are designing a sliding window protocol for a $1$-Mbps point-to-point link to the moon, which has a one-way latency of $1.25$ seconds. Assuming that each frame carries $1$ KB of data, what is the minimum number of bits you need for the sequence number?
Suppose you are designing a sliding window protocol for a $1$-Mbps point-to-point link to the moon, which has a one-way latency of $1.25$ seconds. Assuming that each fram...
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4065
Peterson Davie 2.23c
Consider an $ARQ$ algorithm running over a $40$-km point-to-point fiber link. (c) Why might it still be possible for the ARQ algorithm to time out and retransmit a frame, given this timeout value?
Consider an $ARQ$ algorithm running over a $40$-km point-to-point fiber link.(c) Why might it still be possible for the ARQ algorithm to time out and retransmit a frame, ...
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4066
Peterson Davie 2.23b
Consider an $ARQ$ algorithm running over a $40$-km point-to-point fiber link. (b) Suggest a suitable timeout value for the ARQ algorithm to use.
Consider an $ARQ$ algorithm running over a $40$-km point-to-point fiber link.(b) Suggest a suitable timeout value for the ARQ algorithm to use.
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4067
Peterson Davie 2.23a
Consider an $ARQ$ algorithm running over a $40$-km point-to-point fiber link. (a) Compute the one-way propagation delay for this link, assuming that the speed of light is $2 \times 108$ m/s in the fiber.
Consider an $ARQ$ algorithm running over a $40$-km point-to-point fiber link.(a) Compute the one-way propagation delay for this link, assuming that the speed of light is ...
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4070
Peterson Davie 2.22
Consider an $ARQ$ protocol that uses only negative acknowledgments $(NAKs)$, but no positive acknowledgments $(ACKs)$. Describe what timeouts would have to be scheduled. Explain why an $ACK$-based protocol is usually preferred to a $NAK$-based protocol.
Consider an $ARQ$ protocol that uses only negative acknowledgments $(NAKs)$, but no positive acknowledgments $(ACKs)$. Describe what timeouts would have to be scheduled. ...
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