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ER‐model. Relational model:Relational algebra, Tuple calculus, SQL. Integrity constraints, Normal forms. File organization, Indexing (e.g., B and B+ trees). Transactions and concurrency control.

$$\scriptsize{\overset{{\large{\textbf{Mark Distribution in Previous GATE}}}}{\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline \textbf{Year}& \textbf{2026 - 1}& \textbf{2026 - 2}& \textbf{2025 - 1}& \textbf{2025 - 2}& \textbf{2024 - 1}& \textbf{2024 - 2}& \textbf{2023}& \textbf{2022}& \textbf{2021 - 1}& \textbf{2021 - 2}&\textbf{Minimum}&\textbf{Average}&\textbf{Maximum}\\\hline \textbf{1 Mark Count}&2&2&1&1&4&4&1&3&2&1&1&2.1&4\\\hline \textbf{2 Marks Count}&2&2&3&4&2&2&2&2&3&3&2&2.5&4\\\hline \textbf{Total Marks}&6&6&8&9&8&8&5&7&8&7&\bf{5}&\bf{7.2}&\bf{9}\\\hline \end{array}}}$$

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GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Relational Division
Consider$\mathrm{Player}(\mathrm{playerID}, \mathrm{name}, \mathrm{position}, \mathrm{height}, \mathrm{weight}, \mathrm{team})$$\mathrm{Game}(\mathrm{gameID}, \mathrm{hom...
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0 0 votes
1 1 answer
4
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GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Relational Division
Consider$\mathrm{Student}(\mathrm{sid}, \mathrm{sname}, \mathrm{major})$$\mathrm{EnrolledIn}(\mathrm{sid}, \mathrm{cid}, \mathrm{grade})$$\mathrm{Course}(\mathrm{cid}, \m...
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0 0 votes
1 1 answer
4
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GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Relational Division
Let $\mathrm{R}(\mathrm{X},\mathrm{Y})$ and $\mathrm{S}(\mathrm{Y})$.Which expression is equivalent to $\mathrm{R} \div \mathrm{S}$ without using the division operator?$\...
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52 52 votes
6 6 answers
21.2k
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GATE CSE 2022 | Question: 15
Consider the following three relations in a relational database.$\text{Employee} (\underline{\text{eId}},\text{Name}), \; \text{Brand}(\underline{\text{bId}},\text{bName}...
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111 111 votes
5 answers 5 answers
38.2k
38.2k views
GATE CSE 2014 | Set 1 | Question: 22
Given the following statements: S1: A foreign key declaration can always be replaced by an equivalent check assertion in SQL. S2: Given the table $R(a,b,c)$ where $a$ an...
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0 0 votes
1 1 answer
16
16 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Relational Division
Consider$\mathrm{Suppliers}(\mathrm{SID}, \mathrm{sname}, \mathrm{address})$$\mathrm{Parts}(\mathrm{PID}, \mathrm{pname}, \mathrm{color})$$\mathrm{Catalog}(\mathrm{SID}, ...
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0 0 votes
1 1 answer
13
13 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Relational Division
Consider$\mathrm{Student}(\mathrm{snum},\mathrm{sname},\mathrm{major},\mathrm{level},\mathrm{age})$$\mathrm{Class}(\mathrm{name},\mathrm{meets\_at},\mathrm{room},\mathrm{...
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97 97 votes
8 answers 8 answers
33.2k
33.2k views
GATE CSE 2021 | Set 1 | Question: 23
A relation $r(A, B)$ in a relational database has $1200$ tuples. The attribute $A$ has integer values ranging from $6$ to $20$, and the attribute $B$ has integer values r...
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48 48 votes
5 answers 5 answers
16.5k
16.5k views
GATE CSE 2010 | Question: 42
Consider the following schedule for transactions $T1, T2$ and $T3:$$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}\hline \textbf{T1} & \textbf{T2} & \textbf{T3} \\\hline \text{Read(X)} & \text...
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45 45 votes
3 answers 3 answers
10.0k
10.0k views
GATE IT 2005 | Question: 24
Amongst the ACID properties of a transaction, the 'Durability' property requires that the changes made to the database by a successful transaction persistExcept in case o...
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73 73 votes
10 answers 10 answers
23.5k
23.5k views
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 77
Consider the following schedule $S$ of transactions $T1$ and $T2:$$${\begin{array}{l|l}\textbf{T1}& \textbf{T2} \\\hline\text{Read(A)} \\\text{A = A – 10}\\& \text{R...
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51 51 votes
7 answers 7 answers
25.3k
25.3k views
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 21
Which level of locking provides the highest degree of concurrency in a relational database ?PageTableRowPage, table and row level locking allow the same degree of concurr...
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9 9 votes
6 6 answers
1.7k
1.7k views
GATE CSE 2026 | Set 2 | Question: 10
Consider concurrent execution of two transactions $T 1$ and $T 2$ in a DBMS, both of which access a data object $A$. For these two transactions to not conflict on $A$, wh...
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37 37 votes
4 4 answers
10.4k
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GATE CSE 2025 | Set 2 | Question: 17
​​​​An audit of a banking transactions system has found that on an earlier occasion, two joint holders of account $A$ attempted simultaneous transfers of Rs. $10000$ each...
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27 27 votes
6 6 answers
13.8k
13.8k views
GATE CSE 2024 | Set 2 | Question: 9
​​​​​Once the $\text{DBMS}$ informs the user that a transaction has been successfully completed, its effect should persist even if the system crashes before all its chang...
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106 106 votes
10 answers 10 answers
36.9k
36.9k views
GATE CSE 2012 | Question: 27
Consider the following transactions with data items $P$ and $Q$ initialized to zero:$${\begin{array}{|c|l|r|c|}\hline \textbf{$T_1$}& \text{read (P);}\\ & \text{read...
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72 72 votes
8 answers 8 answers
33.3k
33.3k views
GATE CSE 2010 | Question: 20
Which of the following concurrency control protocols ensure both conflict serializability and freedom from deadlock?$2$-phase lockingTime-stamp orderingI onlyII onlyBoth ...
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0 0 votes
1 1 answer
57
57 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Relational Algebra
Assume the expressions below are schema-valid and relations use set semantics.Which of the following are always true?$(\mathrm{R}\bowtie\mathrm{S})\bowtie\mathrm{T}=(\mat...
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0 0 votes
1 1 answer
58
58 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Join
Consider the relations:$\mathrm{Authors(au\_id,au\_lname,au\_fname,phone,address,city,state,zip)}$$\mathrm{TitleAuthors(au\_id,title\_id,au\_ord,royaltyshare)}$$\mathrm{T...
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0 0 votes
1 1 answer
36
36 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Join
Consider the relations:$\mathrm{Locations(locationid,name,state,altitude)}$ and $\mathrm{FallColors(week,year,locationid,color,peakpercent)}$.We want locations in New Y...
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0 0 votes
1 1 answer
30
30 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Join
Consider the relations:$\mathrm{Posts(pid,folder,summary)}$ and $\mathrm{Postings(post,position,user,ptext)}$.Let $\mathrm{R_1}$ and $\mathrm{R_2}$ be two renamed copies ...
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0 0 votes
1 1 answer
37
37 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Join
Consider the relation:$\mathrm{Marks(studentID,~courseID,~courseType,~score)}$Let, $\mathrm{M_1=\rho_{M_1}(Marks)}$ and $\mathrm{M_2=\rho_{M_2}(Marks)}$.Which expression ...
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31 31 votes
6 6 answers
12.0k
12.0k views
GATE CSE 2025 | Set 2 | Question: 44
Consider the following relational schema: Students ($\underline{\text{rollno: integer}},$ name: string, age: integer, cgpa: real) Courses ($\underline{\text{courseno: int...
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1 1 vote
2 2 answers
118
118 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Relational Algebra
Consider the relations:$\mathrm{Users(username, name, email, password, address)}$and$\mathrm{FriendsWith(username, username2, sincewhen)}$.A friendship tuple indicates th...
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5 5 votes
2 2 answers
719
719 views
GATE DA 2026 | Question: 32
Consider the given relations $X, Y$ and $Z$. The relation $X$ has three columns $P, Q$ and $R$. The relation $Y$ has three columns $P, Q$ and $S$. The relation $Z$ has tw...
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6 6 votes
5 5 answers
3.4k
3.4k views
GATE DA 2025 | Question: 52
Consider the following tables, $\text{Loan}$ and $\text{Borrower},$ of a bank.\[\begin{array}{|c|}\hline\textbf{Loan} \\\hline\begin{array}{c|c|c}\textbf{loan\_number} & ...
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1 1 vote
1 1 answer
59
59 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Relational Algebra
Consider the relations:$\mathrm{STUDENT(name,regno,gpa,level,dept)}$$\mathrm{COURSE(cno,cname,dept)}$$\mathrm{TAKE(regno,cno)}$Using only the basic relational algebra ope...
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61 61 votes
6 answers 6 answers
17.6k
17.6k views
GATE CSE 2014 | Set 3 | Question: 21
What is the optimized version of the relation algebra expression $\pi_{A1}(\pi_{A2}(\sigma_{F1}(\sigma_{F2}(r))))$, where $A1, A2$ are sets of attributes in $r$ with $A1...
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1 1 vote
1 1 answer
53
53 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Relational Algebra
Consider $R(a,b)$ and $S(c,d)$.Which relational algebra expression is equivalent to:SELECT a, d FROM R, S WHERE R.a 10 AND R.b = S.c;Use only the basic operators.$\pi_{a...
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1 1 vote
1 1 answer
50
50 views
GO Classes DPP | GATE CS, DA | DBMS | Relational Algebra
Let $R$ and $S$ be union-compatible relations.Which expression computes $R\cap S$ using only union and set difference?$(R\cup S)-((R-S)\cup(S-R))$ $(R\cup S)-(R-S)$ $(R-S...
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