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Let $G=(V,E)$ be a directed graph where $V$ is the set of vertices and $E$ the set of edges. Then which one of the following graphs has the same strongly connected components as $G$ ?

1. $G_1$ = $(V,E_1)$ where $E_1 = \left\{(u,v) \mid (u,v) \notin E\right\}$
2. $G_2$ = $(V,E_2)$ where $E_2 = \left\{(u,v) \mid (v,u) \in E \right\}$
3. $G_3$ = $(V,E_3)$ where $E_3 = \{(u,v) \mid$ there is a path of length $\leq2$ from $u$ to $v$ in $E\}$
4. $G_4$ = $(V_4,E)$ where $V_4$ is the set of vertices in $G$ which are not isolated
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+4
Both B & C seem true.
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Updated ..that was a typo
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What is strongly connected component?
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strongly connected component means, if there is a path exists between all the vertices of the component

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/strongly-connected-components/

(A) is false. Consider just two vertices connected to each other. So, we have one SCC. The new graph won't have any edges and so $2$ SCC.

(B) is true. In a directed graph an SCC will have a path from each vertex to every other vertex. So, changing the direction of all the edges, won't change the SCC.

(D) is false. Consider any graph with isolated vertices- we loose those components.

(C) is a bit tricky. Any edge is a path of length $1$. So, the new graph will have all the edges from old one. Also, we are adding new edges $(u,v)$. So, does this modify any SCC? No, because we add an edge $(u,v)$, only if there is already a path of length $<= 2$ from $u$ to $v$- so we do not create a new path.  So, both (B) and (C) must answer, though GATE key says only B.

by Veteran (420k points)
edited by
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@arjun sir

When the original graph has a strongly connected component which includes isolated vertex

then option C fails

because length <=2 and therefore also includes path length =0 and will give rise to a path which is not there in the original, thereby changing the number of strongly connected components
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@A_i_\$_h : If the oath do not exist then path length would be undefined/infinity. If we take zero then shortest path wont work.

Remember ,if we apply dijkstra/bellman ford on graph and it has isolated vertex,then path would be not defined.If you define it as zero then it would report 0 length path,which is wrong

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@rahul

yea valid one :)
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@From cormen

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@Arjun Sir
Pls check: If there is a path of length ≤ 1 from u to v in E, still the SCC will be same as in G right?

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G3 = (V,E3) where E3={(u,v)∣ there is a path of length ≤2  from u to v in E}

What is options are like

G3 = (V,E3) where E3 = {(u,v) such that there is A PATH from u to v in E}

as in original G ..u and v are connected ..here in G3 also they will be connected and does it add any new SCCs in G3 ???

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yes of course. SSC won't change here..
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@sushmita....how can C true they already mentioned it is directed graph....if you add atmost 2 length path from U to V  then how can you say that it is also V to U.....if it is corrected then i am missing something.

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Arjun sir...

the explaination you have given in proving the option A) is false is true iff G is an undirected graph...

But G is directed..

i am not saying option A) is the answer...its obviously B)..but the reason you have written for A) is wrong i think..

SORRY IT HAS BEEN UPLOADED UPSIDE DOWN..

THANKS..

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@blackcloud

Arjun sir's explanation is correct, he has considered a graph which is different from your example, in which there is an edge from vertex 1 to vertex 2, as well as from 2 to 1, that's how there's only 1 SCC in G, and then applying option A gives 2 SCCs

Also, even a directed graph can have 2 edges between 2 vertices (from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 1). Even though it's equivalent to an undirected graph with vertices 1 and 2, it can still be considered as a directed graph.

A. Can be eliminated as if the component is strongly connected in E then it will not be strongly connected in E's complement.

B.This is reversing the directions of the edges. When a triangle is considered for instance, where the directions are such that it will form a cycle, on reversing these directions the triangle will no more be strongly connected as there will be a vertex from which we cant reach out to any other vertex.

C.This is mostly the answer as according to the condition the number of edges in E3 will be those present in E and also additional edges which connect all U to all V such that UV<=2. Hence the connected component will stay connected.

D.V4 has only single vertices ,i.e those which were isolated in G and no edges will be present between them.
by Active (1.2k points)
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Your counter example for (B) is not correct. When we reverse the direction of all edges, it again forms a cycle rt- in reverse direction?
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doubt: (D) also seems correct.. V4 is set of of vertices which in G which are not isolated. Anyways those isolated vertices makes no contribution in strongly connected component.. so even if we choose  those or not the graph gonna  have the same connected component as that of G... Isn't it..??

So (B) and (D) both seems correct..??
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As per official answer GATE 2014 answer key it is B. Also counter example for B is incorrect.
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Consider the graph G to be containing 3 nodes, wherein we have 2 edges - 1 between the 1st and the 2nd nodes and the other edge between the 2nd and the 3rd nodes.

Now, for (C), we'll get a graph wherein, an edge has been constructed between the 1st and the 3rd nodes, thus we will be getting a SCC in this modified graph, whereas we didn't have any in the origina graph.

Hence, (C) can be eliminated.

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