Given in the question, process are realized using Test-and-Set instruction
Test-and-Set instruction → an instruction used to write 1 (set) to a memory location and return its old value as a single atomic (i.e., non-interruptible) operation.
So , given module E_CS(X) will work as as wait function (P) AND L_CS(X) as signal/wakeup function (V).
Here 1 value of X means wait state And 0 means free (complement of what we normally use for semaphores)
So the given implementation is deadlock free (due to atomicity of Test-and-Set instruction) .
Here since there’s no bounded waiting (any process can be given CS no scheduling/queue), Hence starvation is possible.
So answer should be option (A)