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ME-Test series-Programming DS test

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My Query is as it is passing by reference so a in M actually refer to location b.So a=a*a=169 will be updated as b.Then how can b be 13?

Please anyone rectify me.

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There is no variable declaration in main. So, b in main refers to global b and is initialized to 12.

In N also no declaration of b. So, it updates the global b to 13.

The reference of the global b is passed to M and M updates it to 169.

So, output a = 169, b = 169.
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Answer is : a] 

Static scoping : https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse341/03wi/imperative/scoping.html

Now,

if parameters are passed by values,

    a= 169 and b =13

and if parameters are passed by reference,

   a = 169 and b = 169

Big bros' advice : "Move forward.."

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