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ER‐model. Relational model:Relational algebra, Tuple calculus, SQL. Integrity constraints, Normal forms. File organization, Indexing (e.g., B and B+ trees). Transactions and concurrency control.
$$\scriptsize{\overset{{\large{\textbf{Mark Distribution in Previous GATE}}}}{\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline \textbf{Year}& \textbf{2026 - 1}& \textbf{2026 - 2}& \textbf{2025 - 1}& \textbf{2025 - 2}& \textbf{2024 - 1}& \textbf{2024 - 2}& \textbf{2023}& \textbf{2022}& \textbf{2021 - 1}& \textbf{2021 - 2}&\textbf{Minimum}&\textbf{Average}&\textbf{Maximum}\\\hline \textbf{1 Mark Count}&2&2&1&1&4&4&1&3&2&1&1&2.1&4\\\hline \textbf{2 Marks Count}&2&2&3&4&2&2&2&2&3&3&2&2.5&4\\\hline \textbf{Total Marks}&6&6&8&9&8&8&5&7&8&7&\bf{5}&\bf{7.2}&\bf{9}\\\hline \end{array}}}$$
