Programming output

Question

Answer 1

Yes , a=169 , b=169 is correct answer.

since static scoping is sssigned to variable b , so it will retain its value through out the program.

first of all the variable b is assigned a value of 12 , and just after that procedure N is called , and it made b= b+1 to value 13 , and since b is static so it will retain the value 13 throught the program. Just after this M(b) is called and the code a=a*a is called off , so 13*13= 169.

so the value of a will be 169 and b =169.

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/41215162/value-of-callee-and-caller-when-using-call-by-references

Comments

But parameter are passed by reference.So when b is Passed to M,then a will be refering to b's memory address so this 169 should be updated in b's memory location?Please clarify this point.

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The ability to pass by reference exists for two reasons:

1. To modify the value of the function arguments
2. To avoid make copies of an object for performance reasons

Yes , 169 will be updated in b's memory location , because the variable b is static, if it had been not ststic then the case would not as former.

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Then correct output should be 169,169,if this would have been in option?

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a is being squared as a= a*a , b is just b.

b value 13 is passed to a , so a becomes 13*13 =169.

b value is not modified after that.

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I think you are not getting my point

It is mentioned that parameters are passed by reference.Now when b passed to funtion M,then a would receive it as pass by reference .Now a pointing to b.So a and b has same address as now.Any change in a should reflect in b's actual memory location.so both should be 169?

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I am sure the value of b will remain unchanged.

If x is a variable and its type is a reference type, then changing the value of x is not the same as changing the data in the object which the value of x refers to.

You can check this article , at the bottom of the page they have explained in single sentence. scroll down: http://jonskeet.uk/csharp/references.html

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When a parameter is passed by reference, the caller and the callee use the same variable for the parameter. If the callee modifies the parameter variable, the effect is visible to the caller's variable.

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/373419/whats-the-difference-between-passing-by-reference-vs-passing-by-value.

Can some explain this please?May be i am not able to understand

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Apology, answer should be 169 for both a and b.

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/41215162/value-of-callee-and-caller-when-using-call-by-references

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Np.Its a good learning:)