The statement that is not always true is $\boxed{\text{C}}$
because determinant is not additive in general, so $\det(A+kI)\neq \det(A)+k^n$ in general.
For example, take $A=I_2$ and $k=1$.
Then $\det(A+kI)=\det(2I_2)=4$, but $\det(A)+k^n=1+1=2$.
So, the equality fails.
The other statements are true:
A. $\det(AB^{-1}A^T)=\det(A)\det(B^{-1})\det(A^T)=\det(A)\cdot \dfrac{1}{\det(B)} \cdot \det(A)=\dfrac{(\det A)^2}{\det B}$
B. For an invertible matrix $A$ of order $n$, $\det(\operatorname{adj}(A))=(\det A)^{n-1}$
D. $\det(A^{-1}B^T)=\det(A^{-1})\det(B^T)=\dfrac{1}{\det A}\det B=\dfrac{\det B}{\det A}$
Hence, the correct answer is $\boxed{\text{C}}$.