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Concept of layering.OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Stacks; Basics of packet, circuit and virtual circuit-switching; Data link layer: framing, error detection, Medium Access Control, Ethernet bridging; Routing protocols: shortest path, flooding, distance vector and link state routing; Fragmentation and IP addressing, IPv4, CIDR notation, Basics of IP support protocols (ARP, DHCP, ICMP), Network Address Translation (NAT); Transport layer: flow control and congestion control, UDP, TCP, sockets; Application layer protocols: DNS, SMTP, HTTP, FTP, Email.

.$$\scriptsize{\overset{{\large{\textbf{Mark Distribution in Previous GATE}}}}{\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline
\textbf{Year}& \textbf{2024-1} & \textbf{2024-2} & \textbf{2023}&  \textbf{2022} & \textbf{2021-1}&\textbf{2021-2}&\textbf{Minimum}&\textbf{Average}&\textbf{Maximum}
\\\hline\textbf{1 Mark Count} & 3&3&2& 2 &1&1&1&2&3
\\\hline\textbf{2 Marks Count} & 3&3&3& 4 &4&3&3&3.33&4
\\\hline\textbf{Total Marks} & 9&9&8& 10 &9&7&\bf{7}&\bf{8.67}&\bf{10}\\\hline
\end{array}}}$$

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#4481
7.5k
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4 answers
5 votes
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 82
Consider a 10 Mbps token ring LAN with a ring latency of 400 µs. A host that needs to transmit seizes the token. Then it sends a frame of 1000 bytes ... a single host wishes to transmit, the effective data rate is1 Mbps2 Mbps5 Mbps6 Mbps
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#4482
10.9k
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5 answers
31 votes
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 81
In a sliding window $ARQ$ scheme, the transmitter's window size is $N$ and the receiver's window size is $M$. The minimum number of distinct sequence numbers required to ensure correct ... $ scheme is$\min (M, N)$\max (M, N)$M + N$MN$
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#4483
10.7k
views
3 answers
27 votes
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 80
In a data link protocol, the frame delimiter flag is given by $0111$. Assuming that bit stuffing is employed, the transmitter sends the data sequence $01110110$ as$01101011$011010110$011101100$0110101100$
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#4484
14.5k
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3 answers
31 votes
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 45
A serial transmission $T1$ uses $8$ information bits, $2$ start bits, $1$ stop bit and $1$ ... $100$ characters/sec, $136$ characters/sec$80$ characters/sec, $153$ characters/sec
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#4485
11.5k
views
7 answers
26 votes
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 28
In TCP, a unique sequence number is assigned to eachbytewordsegmentmessage
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#4486
14.0k
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5 answers
35 votes
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 27
A host is connected to a Department network which is part of a University network. The University network, in turn, is part of the ... unique isthe subnet to which the host belongsthe Department networkthe University networkthe Internet
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#4487
8.8k
views
4 answers
22 votes
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 26
A subnet has been assigned a subnet mask of $255.255.255.192$. What is the maximum number of hosts that can belong to this subnet?$14$30$62$126$
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#4488
13.7k
views
5 answers
29 votes
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 25
A sender is employing public key cryptography to send a secret message to a receiver. Which one of the following statements is TRUE?Sender encrypts ... keyReceiver decrypts using sender's public keyReceiver decrypts using his own public key
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#4489
11.2k
views
3 answers
24 votes
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 23
Which one of the following statements is FALSE?TCP guarantees a minimum communication rateTCP ensures in-order deliveryTCP reacts to congestion by reducing sender window sizeTCP employs retransmission to compensate for packet loss
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#4490
13.6k
views
5 answers
25 votes
GATE IT 2004 | Question: 22
Which one of the following statements is FALSE?Packet switching leads to better utilization of bandwidth resources than circuit switchingPacket switching ... switchingPacket switching can lead to reordering unlike in circuit switching
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#4491
12.3k
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5 answers
55 votes
GATE IT 2006 | Question: 70
A subnetted Class $B$ network has the following broadcast address: $144.16.95.255$Its subnet maskis necessarily $255.255.224.0$is necessarily $255.255.240.0$ ... one of $255.255.224.0$, $255.255.240.0$,$255.255.248.0$
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#4492
14.5k
views
9 answers
41 votes
GATE IT 2006 | Question: 69
A program on machine $X$ attempts to open a $UDP$ connection to port $5376$ on a machine $Y$, and a $TCP$ connection to port $8632$ on machine $Z$. However, there are no ... $ but not $Z$Z$ but not $Y$Neither $Y$ nor $Z$Both $Y$ and $Z$
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#4493
14.0k
views
8 answers
44 votes
GATE IT 2006 | Question: 68
On a wireless link, the probability of packet error is $0.2$. A stop-and-wait protocol is used to transfer data across the link. The channel condition ... $ packets?$100$125$150$200$
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#4494
11.9k
views
7 answers
50 votes
GATE IT 2006 | Question: 67
A link of capacity $100$ $\text{Mbps}$ is carrying traffic from a number of sources. Each source generates an on-off traffic stream; when the source is on, the rate of traffic is ... $25$5$ $\text{and}$ $33$15$ $\text{and}$ $22$
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#4495
22.7k
views
7 answers
73 votes
GATE IT 2006 | Question: 66
A router has two full-duplex Ethernet interfaces each operating at $100$ $\text{Mb/s}$. Ethernet frames are at least $84$ $\text{bytes}$ long (including the ... $3.36$6.72$8$
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#4496
10.3k
views
6 answers
35 votes
GATE IT 2006 | Question: 65
In the $\text{4B/5B}$ encoding scheme, every $4$ bits of data are encoded in a $5$-bit codeword. It is required that the codewords have at most $1$ leading and at most $1$ trailing zero. How many are such codewords possible?$14$16$18$20$
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#4497
13.3k
views
5 answers
62 votes
GATE IT 2006 | Question: 64
Suppose that it takes $1$ unit of time to transmit a packet (of fixed size) on a communication link. The link layer uses a window flow control protocol with a window size of $N$ packets. ... $1$ $1 - e^{\left(\frac{i}{N}\right)}$
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#4498
43.2k
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7 answers
36 votes
GATE IT 2006 | Question: 63, ISRO2015-57
A router uses the following routing table:\begin{array}{|l|l|l|} \hline \textbf {Destination} & \textbf { Mask} & \textbf{Interface} \\\hline \text {144.16.0 ... the router. On which interface will it be forwarded?eth$0$eth$1$eth$2$eth$3$
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#4499
8.4k
views
3 answers
24 votes
GATE IT 2006 | Question: 19
Which of the following statements is TRUE?Both Ethernet frame and IP packet include checksum fieldsEthernet frame includes a checksum field and IP packet ... includes a checksum fieldBoth Ethernet frame and IP packet include CRC fields
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#4500
8.6k
views
5 answers
36 votes
GATE IT 2006 | Question: 18
$\textsf{HELO}$ and $\textsf{PORT}$, respectively, are commands from the protocols:$\textsf{FTP}$ and $\textsf{HTTP}$\textsf{TELNET}$ and $\textsf{POP3}$\textsf{HTTP}$ and $\textsf{TELNET}$\textsf{SMTP}$ and $\textsf{FTP}$
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