Recent questions tagged proof - GATE Overflow

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Kenneth Rosen Edition 7th Exercise 8.2 Question 10 (Page No. 525)
Prove Theorem $2:$ Let $c_{1}$ and $c_{2}$ be real numbers with $c_{2}\neq 0.$ Suppose that $r^{2}-c_{1}r-c_{2} = 0$ has only one root $r_{0}.$ A sequence $\{a_{n}\}$ ... $n = 0,1,2,\dots,$ where $\alpha_{1}$ and $\alpha_{2}$ are constants.

asked May 3 in Combinatory by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 9 views

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Kenneth Rosen Edition 7th Exercise 6.5 Question 63 (Page No. 434)
Prove the Multinomial Theorem: If $n$ ... $C(n:n_{1},n_{2},\dots,n_{m}) = \dfrac{n!}{n_{1}!n_{2}!\dots n_{m}!}$ is a multinomial coefficient.

asked May 1 in Combinatory by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 10 views

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Kenneth Rosen Edition 7th Exercise 6.4 Question 32 (Page No. 422)
Prove the binomial theorem using mathematical induction.

asked Apr 30 in Combinatory by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 10 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 36 (Page No. 242)
Say that a $CFG$ is minimal if none of its rules can be removed without changing the language generated. Let $MIN_{CFG} = \{\langle G \rangle \mid \text{G is a minimal CFG}\}$. Show that $MIN_{CFG}$ is $T-$recognizable. Show that $MIN_{CFG}$ is undecidable.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 165 views

+1 vote

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 35 (Page No. 242)
Say that a variable $A$ in $CFG \:G$ is necessary if it appears in every derivation of some string $w \in G$. Let $NECESSARY_{CFG} = \{\langle G, A\rangle \mid \text{A is a necessary variable in G}\}$. Show that $NECESSARY_{CFG}$ is Turing-recognizable. Show that $NECESSARY_{CFG} $is undecidable.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 64 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 34 (Page No. 241)
Let $X = \{\langle M, w \rangle \mid \text{M is a single-tape TM that never modifies the portion of the tape that contains the input $w$ } \}$ Is $X$ decidable? Prove your answer.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 126 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 33 (Page No. 241)
Consider the problem of determining whether a $PDA$ accepts some string of the form $\{ww \mid w \in \{0,1\}^{\ast} \}$ . Use the computation history method to show that this problem is undecidable.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 72 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 32 (Page No. 241)
Prove that the following two languages are undecidable. $OVERLAP_{CFG} = \{\langle G, H\rangle \mid \text{G and H are CFGs where}\: L(G) \cap L(H) \neq \emptyset\}$. $PREFIX-FREE_{CFG} = \{\langle G \rangle \mid \text{G is a CFG where L(G) is prefix-free}\}$.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 56 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 31 (Page No. 241)
Let $f(x)=\left\{\begin{matrix}3x+1 & \text{for odd}\: x& \\ \dfrac{x}{2} & \text{for even}\: x & \end{matrix}\right.$ for any natural number $x$. If you start with an integer $x$ and iterate $f$, you ... decidable by a $TM\: H$. Use $H$ to describe a $TM$ that is guaranteed to state the answer to the $3x + 1$ problem.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 47 views

+1 vote

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 30 (Page No. 241)
Use Rice’s theorem, to prove the undecidability of each of the following languages. $INFINITE_{TM} = \{\langle M \rangle \mid \text{M is a TM and L(M) is an infinite language}\}$. $\{\langle M \rangle \mid \text{M is a TM and }\:1011 \in L(M)\}$. $ ALL_{TM} = \{\langle M \rangle \mid \text{ M is a TM and}\: L(M) = Σ^{\ast} \}$.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 46 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 29 (Page No. 241)
Rice's theorem. Let $P$ be any nontrivial property of the language of a Turing machine. Prove that the problem of determining whether a given Turing machine's language has property $P$ is undecidable. In more formal ... that $P$ is an undecidable language. Show that both conditions are necessary for proving that $P$ is undecidable.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 29 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 28 (Page No. 241)
Rice's theorem. Let $P$ be any nontrivial property of the language of a Turing machine. Prove that the problem of determining whether a given Turing machine's language has property $P$ is undecidable. In more formal terms, let $P$ be a language ... $M_{1}$ and $M_{2}$ are any $TMs$. Prove that $P$ is an undecidable language.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 40 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 27 (Page No. 241)
A two-dimensional finite automaton $(2DIM-DFA)$ is defined as follows. The input is an $m \times n$ rectangle, for any $m, n \geq 2$ ... of determining whether two of these machines are equivalent. Formulate this problem as a language and show that it is undecidable.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 90 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 26 (Page No. 240)
Define a two-headed finite automaton $(2DFA)$ to be a deterministic finite automaton that has two read-only, bidirectional heads that start at the left-hand end of the input tape and can be independently controlled to move in either direction. The tape ... $E_{2DFA}$ is not decidable.

asked Oct 20, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 33 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 25 (Page No. 240)
Give an example of an undecidable language $B$, where $B \leq_{m} \overline{B}$.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 30 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 24 (Page No. 240)
Let $J = \{w \mid \text{either $w = 0x$ for some $x \in A_{TM},$ or $w = 1y\:$ for some $y \in \overline{A_{TM}}\:\:$}\}$. Show that neither $J$ nor $\overline{J}$ is Turing-recognizable.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 18 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 23 (Page No. 240)
Show that $A$ is decidable iff $A \leq_{m} 0 ^{\ast} 1^{\ast}$ .

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 23 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 22 (Page No. 240)
Show that $A$ is Turing-recognizable iff $A \leq_{m} A_{TM}$.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 18 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 21 (Page No. 240)
Let $AMBIG_{CFG} = \{\langle G \rangle \mid \text{G is an ambiguous CFG}\}$. Show that $AMBIG_{CFG}$ is undecidable. (Hint: Use a reduction from $PCP$ ... $a_{1},\dots,a_{k}$ are new terminal symbols. Prove that this reduction works.)

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 27 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 20 (Page No. 240)
Prove that there exists an undecidable subset of $\{1\}^{\ast}$ .

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 20 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 19 (Page No. 240)
In the silly Post Correspondence Problem, $SPCP$, the top string in each pair has the same length as the bottom string. Show that the $SPCP$ is decidable.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 21 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 18 (Page No. 240)
Show that the Post Correspondence Problem is undecidable over the binary alphabet $\Sigma = \{0,1\}$.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 96 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 17 (Page No. 240)
Show that the Post Correspondence Problem is decidable over the unary alphabet $\Sigma = \{1\}$.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 29 views

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24

Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 16 (Page No. 240)
Let $\Gamma = \{0, 1, \sqcup\}$ be the tape alphabet for all TMs in this problem. Define the busy beaver function $BB: N \rightarrow N$ as follows. For each value of $k$, consider all $k-$state TMs that halt when ... maximum number of $1s$ that remain on the tape among all of these machines. Show that $BB$ is not a computable function.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 35 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 15 (Page No. 240)
Consider the problem of determining whether a Turing machine $M$ on an input w ever attempts to move its head left at any point during its computation on $w$. Formulate this problem as a language and show that it is decidable.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 95 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 14 (Page No. 240)
Consider the problem of determining whether a Turing machine $M$ on an input $w$ ever attempts to move its head left when its head is on the left-most tape cell. Formulate this problem as a language and show that it is undecidable.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 20 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 13 (Page No. 239)
A useless state in a Turing machine is one that is never entered on any input string. Consider the problem of determining whether a Turing machine has any useless states. Formulate this problem as a language and show that it is undecidable.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 27 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 12 (Page No. 239)
Consider the problem of determining whether a single-tape Turing machine ever writes a blank symbol over a nonblank symbol during the course of its computation on any input string. Formulate this problem as a language and show that it is undecidable.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 43 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 11 (Page No. 239)
Consider the problem of determining whether a two-tape Turing machine ever writes a nonblank symbol on its second tape during the course of its computation on any input string. Formulate this problem as a language and show that it is undecidable.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 28 views

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Michael Sipser Edition 3 Exercise 5 Question 10 (Page No. 239)
Consider the problem of determining whether a two-tape Turing machine ever writes a nonblank symbol on its second tape when it is run on input $w$. Formulate this problem as a language and show that it is undecidable.

asked Oct 19, 2019 in Theory of Computation by Lakshman Patel RJIT | 15 views

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